<title> Page Title </title>
<meta name="title" content="Page Title">

Shows up as the first clickable link in search engine results page and browser tab titles.

Alt
<img src="image.jpg" alt="description">

Alt helps SEO in image search results.

<a href="http://example.com/" rel="nofollow"> Text </a> 

When adding links to external sources. Tells search engines to ignore those sources promoting only your content.

<meta name="description" content="Description shown for web page."> 

Provides a description for a web page. Shows up in search engine results pages underneath title link.

<!-- Open Graph / Facebook -->
<meta property="og:type" content="website">
<meta property="og:url" content="https://example.com">
<meta property="og:title" content="Title Here">
<meta property="og:description" content="describe website here">
<meta property="og:image" content="public/metapic.jpg">
    
<!-- Twitter -->
<meta property="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image">
<meta property="twitter:url" content="https://example.com">
<meta property="twitter:title" content="Title Here">
<meta property="twitter:description" content="describe website here"> 
<meta property="twitter:image" content="public/metapic.jpg">

Changes appearance of links to website on social platforms. Full list of Open Graph Tags

<h1> Describe Page Content </h1>

Use base on importance and organization:
<h2> </h2>
<h3> </h3>
<h4> </h4>
<h5> </h5>
<h6> </h6>

In terms of SEO, header tags are also what search engines use to help determine segments of content and create featured rich snippets.

<meta name="robots" content="noindex, nofollow">

Prevents a page from being indexed by search engines. Good for page not found, and error pages.

<link rel="canonical" href="https://website.com/">

A canonical URL is the primary URL of the page. Search engines use this URL to identify the primary page.

Link to google's SEO guide.